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	<title>Motorcycle Investigation &#124; Accident Reconstruction</title>
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	<link>http://motorcycleinvestigation.com</link>
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		<title>Tank Design Reduces Post Collision Fires</title>
		<link>http://motorcycleinvestigation.com/2012/04/16/tank-design-reduces-post-collision-fires/</link>
		<comments>http://motorcycleinvestigation.com/2012/04/16/tank-design-reduces-post-collision-fires/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 Apr 2012 11:52:49 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://motorcycleinvestigation.com/?p=127</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Motorcycle accidents are often angled collisions, a type of accident which occurs when a motorcycle is impacted by another vehicle on the side or obliquely. Such accidents occur at road intersections or when a vehicle is joining the main flow of traffic, e.g., a vehicle leaving a gas station. In some of these collisions, the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Motorcycle accidents are often angled collisions, a type of accident which occurs when a motorcycle is impacted by another vehicle on the side or obliquely. Such accidents occur at road intersections or when a vehicle is joining the main flow of traffic, e.g., a vehicle leaving a gas station. In some of these collisions, the motorcycle gas tank is dented, decreasing the internal volume and dramatically increasing the internal pressure. If this happens when the gas tank is full or nearly so, the pressure build-up can blow the tank cap off, drenching the rider with gasoline. The gasoline often ignites resulting in severe injuries or death.  There are four questions you need to know to determine if improper tank design is a factor in your post-collision motorcycle fire.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></strong></p>
<h2><strong>Background</strong></h2>
<p><a href="http://rmano.com/figure2x.jpg"><img class="alignright" title="Figure 2" src="http://rmano.com/figure2.gif" alt="" width="300" height="167" /></a>The pressure build-up can be reduced considerably by a simple device which traps air in the tank. This device consists of a short tube inserted in the tank filler hole projecting downward a short distance. As gasoline fills the tank, it displaces the air until the gasoline reaches the level of the bottom of the filler tube. At this point, any additional gasoline added to the tank will simply flow out the tank filler hole, not into the air trapped in the voids left in the tank.</p>
<p>The device works on the principle of the compressibility of gases versus the near-incompressibility of liquids. For a full tank without air trapped inside, even an indentation as little as 1% of its volume will increase the pressure inside the tank approximately 225 PSI. It is unlikely that a gas cap or tank seam will be able to withstand this pressure and prevent gasoline from blowing up out of the tank during a collision. Think of squeezing a nearly full plastic gallon milk jug with the cap on; even a small squeeze will cause the cap to fly off. However, by allowing air to occupy just 10% of the tank’s total volume, this same indentation will only increase the pressure by approximately 30 PSI;  this is an internal pressure which the tank and cap can be designed to withstand.</p>
<p>The tradeoff for this margin of safety is a decrease in usable tank capacity with a corresponding decrease in the mileage the rider gets from one tank of gasoline. One way to defeat this safety device and restore the tank’s volume capacity is by drilling a small hole in the side of the tube. This allows the air to escape and the fluid level to rise to the level of the drilled hole. Internet bulletin board chats are filled with discussions and “advice” to drill this hole and restore tank capacity, although no one seems to know the reason for the tank filler tube being there in the first place or the dramatic loss in safety traded for being able to ride 40 miles further before filling up.</p>
<p>In addition to the user defeating this safety device by drilling a hole in it, custom built motorcycles or motorcycles with customized tanks on them may not even have the device to begin with. Older motorcycles (prior to the mid-1980s) do not have this device. Unfortunately, some manufacturers have forgotten the original intent of the device and have defeated it by producing new motorcycles whose tank filler necks have holes already drilled in the side.</p>
<h2><strong>Questions to Consider</strong></h2>
<p>The next time you have a case involving a motorcycle collision with an ensuing fire remember the following: Is there any deformation of the tank? How full was the tank when the accident occurred?/When did you last fill up? Check inside the gas cap and look to see if there is a neck filler tube. Does it have holes in the side of it? Do they appear to be drilled by the end user or were they put there during manufacturing?</p>
<p>Knowing the answer to these questions will help you and your experts in determining the root cause of a post-collision motorcycle fire.</p>
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		<title>Un avertissement peut-il être &#8220;en panne?&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://motorcycleinvestigation.com/2011/11/29/un-avertissement-peut-il-etre-en-panne/</link>
		<comments>http://motorcycleinvestigation.com/2011/11/29/un-avertissement-peut-il-etre-en-panne/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2011 12:28:28 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://motorcycleinvestigation.com/?p=114</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Vous pourriez vous poser cette question: “Un avertissement peut-il être “en panne?”
Il est bien connu que, lorsque les ingénieurs considèrent les risques et la sécurité des produits, ils doivent suivre ce que l&#8217;on nomme, habituellement, la &#8220;hiérarchie sécuritaire&#8221;.
La sécurité n&#8217;est jamais une option
“La hiérarchie sécuritaire” est comme suit:

Eliminer les risques d&#8217;un produit lors de la [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Vous pourriez vous poser cette question: “Un avertissement peut-il être “en panne?”</p>
<p>Il est bien connu que, lorsque les ingénieurs considèrent les risques et la sécurité des produits, ils doivent suivre ce que l&#8217;on nomme, habituellement, la &#8220;hiérarchie sécuritaire&#8221;.</p>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">La sécurité n&#8217;est jamais une option</h2>
<p>“La hiérarchie sécuritaire” est comme suit:</p>
<ol>
<li>Eliminer les risques d&#8217;un produit lors de la conception.</li>
<li>Si le risque ne peut être éliminé, l’ingénieur doit parer au danger ou le contenir de façon à protéger l&#8217;utilisateur du produit.</li>
<li>Si le danger ne peut être ni élimine, ni paré ou contenu, un avertissement doit alors être formulé et exprimé par l’ingénieur afin d&#8217;informer l&#8217;utilisateur du danger et la façon d&#8217;éviter ce même danger.</li>
</ol>
<p>Face à un tel produit pour lequel l’ingénieur doit avertir, l&#8217;avertissement doit contenir deux éléments de façon à être efficace:</p>
<ul>
<li>tout d&#8217;abord l&#8217;avertissement doit expliquer clairement le danger</li>
<li>ensuite il doit aussi informer l&#8217;utilisateur du produit quelle action précise et spécifique est requise de façon à éviter ou réduire de façon significative la probabilité de blessure ou de mort provenant de l&#8217;utilisation du dit produit.</li>
</ul>
<p>Un exemple simple et hypothétique d’un tel avertissement pour des feux d&#8217;artifice pourrait lire comme suit:</p>
<h3>&#8220;Risque d&#8217;explosion: Ne pas approcher ces feux d&#8217;artifice trop près d&#8217;une flamme&#8221;</h3>
<p>Comparons cet avertissement avec le suivant:<strong> </strong></p>
<h3>&#8220;Risque d&#8217;explosion: Ne pas approcher ces feux d&#8217;artifice à moins de 3 mètres d&#8217;une flamme exposée&#8221;</h3>
<p>Clairement,  le premier avertissement ne fournit aucune information sur la façon d’éliminer ou de réduire le risque d&#8217;explosion lors de leur manipulation.</p>
<p>Un autre exemple serait l&#8217;examen des nombreux manuels de propriétaires de véhicules qui présentent un produit ordinaire, une voiture,  comportant un avertissement “défectueux”. Ces exemples trouvés dans de nombreux manuels se lisent comme suit:</p>
<h3>Advertissement (Warning)</h3>
<p>&#8220;Un avertissement indique une situation dans laquelle une blessure sérieuse ou la mort peuvent résulter si cet avertissement est ignoré.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Position assise:</span> Être assis trop près d&#8217;un compartiment air bag ou y poser les mains est extrêmement dangereux. L’air bag se déploie avec grande force et rapidité. De sérieuses blessures pourraient se produire si quelqu&#8217;un était assis trop près. Le conducteur devrait toujours tenir uniquement l’extérieur du volant. Le passager avant devrait garder ses deux pieds au sol. Les passagers avant devraient ajuster leurs sièges le plus en arrière possible, se tenir toujours droits contre l’arrière du siège et mettre leur ceinture de sécurité correctement.&#8221;</p>
<p>Cet avertissement ne définit pas pour le lecteur du manuel d&#8217;utilisateur quelle est la distance en mètres, centimètres ou toute autre mesure, ce que “être assis trop près d&#8217;un compartiment air bag” veut vraiment dire. Cet avertissement indique au lecteur qu’un grave danger est présent quand il est assis dans l&#8217;un ou l&#8217;autre des sièges avant. Cependant, il manque complètement de fournir au conducteur du véhicule une indication spécifique comment s&#8217;asseoir à bonne distance du volant ou de l&#8217;air bag pour minimiser le danger. L&#8217;avertissement ne fournit aucune instruction spécifique à un conducteur de petite taille sur la façon de réduire les risques de blessures graves ou la mort tout en étant en mesure d&#8217;atteindre les pédales du véhicule.</p>
<p>Ces mêmes  manuels d&#8217;utilisateur d&#8217;une voiture fournissent des instructions et des avertissements en ce qui concerne le réglage de l&#8217;inclinaison du volant. Cependant ces  manuels, en général, ne fournissent aucune information à un conducteur de petite taille sur le positionnement du volant afin de réduire les risques de blessures associés au déploiement de l&#8217;air bag. Par exemple : une indication de  mettre le volant dans sa position d&#8217;inclinaison la plus basse pourrait réduire ou minimiser les dangers associés au déploiement de l&#8217;air bag.</p>
<p>Lors d&#8217;analyses de risque, on exige de l’ingénieur qu&#8217; il identifie les risques dans l&#8217;environnement dans lequel le produit est utilisé; l’ingénieur doit aussi évaluer les risques de blessures potentielles. Lorsqu&#8217;un risque de blessure ou de mort a été identifié il lui est alors demandé de prendre des mesures de façon à éliminer ou réduire le risque de blessures.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">La sécurité du public est de la plus haute importance et n&#8217;est en aucun cas une option.</h3>
<p>L’ingénieur appréhende alors le risque en appliquant la hiérarchie des actions correctives: ces principes généraux méritent d’être répétés et sont les suivants:</p>
<ol>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Eliminer le risque à la conception :</span> Lorsque c&#8217;est possible, le risque d’ un produit doit être éliminé dès la conception.</li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Parer au danger et le contenir :</span> Lors de l&#8217;utilisation du produit quand le risque ne peut pas être éliminé à la conception.</li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Avertir et Instruire :</span> Lorsqu&#8217;un risque ne peut être ni éliminé, ni contenu alors des avertissements et instructions doivent être fournis de façon à ce que l&#8217;utilisateur puisse éviter ou minimiser les risques associés au danger.</li>
</ol>
<p>L&#8217;information dans l’avertissement s&#8217;appliquant au passager avant d&#8217;un véhicule: “&#8230; garder les deux pieds au sol. Les passagers du siège avant devraient ajuster leur siège le plus en arrière possible et toujours s&#8217;asseoir droit contre l’arrière du siège et de mettre leur ceinture de sécurité correctement” illustre clairement comment éviter des blessures aux pieds. Les instructions indiquent aussi d&#8217;ajuster le siège le plus en arrière possible (et donc le plus loin du compartiment de l&#8217;air bag), la façon appropriée de s&#8217;asseoir sur le siège et l’équipement qui devrait être porté de façon à minimiser les risques de blessures.</p>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
<p>Les manuels d&#8217;utilisateur et de propriétaire d&#8217;un produit doivent être conçus pour le marché d&#8217;utilisation. L’élément de conception d&#8217;un produit qui peut et qui doit être adressé par l&#8217;importateur d’un produit, ou le fabricant local, est<strong> </strong>le manuel d&#8217;utilisation et ses avertissements.</p>
<p>Tous les manuels de propriétaire et d&#8217;utilisateur, de n&#8217;importe quel produit, devraient prendre en considération le consommateur du marché. Lorsque le produit est importé et distribué afin d’être utilisé dans le pays, l&#8217;importateur d&#8217;un tel produit doit fournir l&#8217;information et les données  nécessaires à l&#8217;utilisation du produit, les dangers entrainés par l&#8217;utilisation du produit et la manière précise d’éviter ces dangers.</p>
<p><strong><em>Les manuels de propriétaire sont toujours sous le contrôle ultime des importateurs et peuvent être facilement modifiés et complétés à peu de frais en collaboration avec le fabricant.</em></strong></p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<p>Pour de plus amples informations en ce qui concerne le contenu <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">minimum</span></strong> d&#8217;un avertissement, le lecteur peut consulter les standards volontaires des organisations de produits commerciaux ou l’ANSI Z535.4-1991 et en particulier les paragraphes 2.1, 3.1,4.7.2, et 4.11</p>
<p>La liste de références suivantes peut aussi être consultée :</p>
<ol>
<li>Handbook and Standards for Manufacturing Safer Consumer Products, June (Revised May 1967) by United States Consumer Product Safety Commission;</li>
<li>Safer by Design: Reducing Hazards through Better Design, American Society of Safety Engineers, February 1998;</li>
<li>Designing Safety into Machine, Journal of the American Society of Safety Engineers, September 1998;</li>
<li>Safety through Design, National Safety Council, 1999, Chapter 2; and</li>
<li>Engineering by Design by George Dieter.</li>
</ol>
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		<title>When is a Warning Defective?</title>
		<link>http://motorcycleinvestigation.com/2011/05/19/when-is-a-warning-defective/</link>
		<comments>http://motorcycleinvestigation.com/2011/05/19/when-is-a-warning-defective/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 May 2011 04:08:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[So, you may ask, how can a “warning” be broken or defective? As is well known, engineers in considering hazards and safety in a product must follow what is commonly referred to as the “Engineering Hierarchy.”  This is because safety is never optional. The hierarchy is as follows:

Design out the hazard from the product.
If [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>So, you may ask, how can a “warning” be broken or defective? As is well known, engineers in considering hazards and safety in a product must follow what is commonly referred to as the “Engineering Hierarchy.”  This is because safety is never optional. The hierarchy is as follows:</p>
<ol>
<li>Design out the hazard from the product.</li>
<li>If the hazard cannot be designed out, the engineer must guard or contain the hazard so as to protect a user of the product.</li>
<li>If the hazard can neither be designed out nor guarded or contained, then a warning must be provided.</li>
</ol>
<p>When faced with a product where the engineer must warn about the product, the warning must contain two essential elements in order to be effective from an engineering perspective. First, the warning must clearly explain the hazard and second, the warning must also clearly inform the user of the product what specific and precise action is required in order to eliminate or significantly reduce the likelihood of injury or death from said product.  A simple hypothetical example of such a warning might be:</p>
<p><strong>“Risk of Explosion: Do not bring these fireworks within ten feet (10 feet) of an open flame.”</strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>The same warning would be defective, from an engineering perspective, if it read:</p>
<p><strong>“Risk of Explosion: Do not bring these fireworks too close to an open flame”</strong></p>
<p>Clearly, the second warning does not provide information on how to eliminate or significantly reduce the risk of an explosion when handling and using the fireworks.</p>
<p>The following texts are reference materials which may provide the reader with further information on what information is necessary in a warning:</p>
<ol>
<li>Handbook and Standards for Manufacturing Safer Consumer Products, June (Revised May 1967) by United States Consumer Product Safety Commission;</li>
<li>Safer by Design: Reducing Hazards through Better Design, American Society of Safety Engineers, February 1998;</li>
<li>Designing Safety into Machine, Journal of the American Society of Safety Engineers, September 1998;</li>
<li>Safety through Design, National Safety Council, 1999, Chapter 2; and</li>
<li>Engineering by Design by George Dieter.</li>
</ol>
<p>Review of many automobile owner’s manuals shows a common product, an automobile, where a defective warning is exists.  An example of such a warning found in many automobile owner’s manuals reads as follows:</p>
<p>“<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Seating Position</span>: Sitting too close to an air-bag storage compartment or placing hands on it is extremely dangerous. Air bags inflate with great force and speed. Serious injuries could occur if someone is sitting too close. The driver should always hold only the rim of the steering wheel. The front seat passenger should keep both feet on the floor. Front seat occupants should adjust their seats as far back as possible, always sit upright against the seat backs and wear their seat belts properly.”</p>
<p>The introduction to this manual informs the reader that a warning caption means:</p>
<p>“A WARNING indicates a situation in which a serious injury or death could result if the warning is ignored.”</p>
<p>However, this warning fails to define for the reader of the owner’s manual what distance, in terms of actual inches or feet or some other metric, <strong>“s</strong>itting too close to an air-bag storage compartment” actually means. This warning indicates to the reader that a grave danger is present while seated in either of the front seats. However, it utterly fails to give the driver of the automobile any specific guidance as to safe distances in inches, feet or other metric, or to define how to sit a safe distance from, for example, the steering wheel/airbag. The warning gives no specific instructions for a driver of short stature how to avoid serious injury or death while still being able to safely reach the automobile’s control pedals.</p>
<p>Owner’s manuals provide instructions and warnings concerning the adjustment of the steering wheel tilt.  However, these same manuals, in general, provide no information for a driver of short stature to place the steering wheel in its lowest position when sitting close to the steering wheel.  Such a tilt position of the steering may reduce or minimize hazards associated with the deployment of the driver’s side airbag when a driver of short stature must sit close to the steering wheel of an automobile in order to safely reach the brake and gas pedals.</p>
<p>In hazard risk analysis, the engineer is required to identify hazards in the environment in which the product is used. The engineer must then evaluate the injury potential of those hazards. Once a hazard of serious injury or death is identified, the engineer is required to take steps to either eliminate or reduce the risk of injury. This is because public safety is paramount and safety is not optional. The engineer then approaches the hazard by applying the hierarchy of corrective action; these general hierarchy principles bear repeating and are as follows:</p>
<ol>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Hazard Elimination by Design</span>. When feasible a hazard in a mechanical design must be designed out.</li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Guarding and Enclosures</span>. When a hazard cannot be designed out of a product, then it must be guarded or enclosed.</li>
<li><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Safety Warnings and Instructions</span>. When a hazard can neither be designed out nor guarded or enclosed then warnings and instructions must be provided so that the user may successfully avoid or minimize the risks associated with the hazard.</li>
</ol>
<p>Contrast the information sited above and applicable to the driver of an automobile with the information provided to the front seat passenger of the same automobile, who is warned and instructed to do the following:</p>
<p>“…keep both feet on the floor. Front seat occupants should adjust their seats as far back as possible, always sit upright against the seat backs and wear their seat belts properly.”</p>
<p>This instruction clearly illustrates how to successfully avoid injury to the feet by not placing them on the dash and air-bag compartment cover. The instruction also indicates to adjust the seat as far back as possible (from the air-bag compartment), the appropriate manner in which to sit in the seat and the equipment that should be worn in order to minimize risk of an injury.</p>
<p>Owner’s and user’s manuals of any product, decided upon by an importer to be brought into the United States and sold and distributed in the United States market has in all probability already been designed and tested by the foreign manufacturer in some manner.  The only remaining element of the design hierarchy which could and should be employed by the importer of a product into the United States market is the development of an owner’s manual which provides a warning and specific instructions (which includes a metric) regarding how to successfully avoid or minimize any significant risk of injury from use of the product due to its inherent and unavoidable hazards. Since all owners and user’s manuals for products should consider the United States citizen when the product is imported and distributed for use in the United States, the importer of the subject product should provide the information and metrics necessary to use the product in the safest manner possible.  Owner’s manuals are always under the ultimate control of a United States importer, and can easily be modified or supplemented at little to no cost.</p>
<p>For further information regarding what a warning should contain, as a minimum, the reader may wish to consult product trade organizations’ voluntary standards or ANSI Z535.4-1991 and in particular paragraphs 2.1, 3.1, 4.7.2, and 4.11</p>
<p><em><a href="http://mka-stl.com/team/ezra.php">M. Ezra, PE, Certified Safety Engineer, State of Missouri</a></em></p>
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